Metodologías para la evaluación de sostenibilidad en cadenas de suministro agroalimentarias: una revisión sistemática y propuesta de modelo teórico integrado
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El sector agroalimentario aporta hasta el 40 % del empleo y más de un tercio del PIB en países como México y España; sin embargo, sus impactos ambientales podrían aumentar entre un 50% y 90% hacia 2050. Ante esta proyección, este estudio realizó una revisión sistemática PRISMA-PIO que sintetiza 59 estudios publicados entre 2020 y 2025 en Springer Link, Scopus y Science Direct, con el objetivo de construir un modelo teórico que articule eslabones, dimensiones y metodologías de sostenibilidad en cadenas de suministro agroalimentarias. Los resultados evidencian que los eslabones de producción, procesamiento y distribución concentran la mayor atención en la literatura. La dimensión de sostenibilidad más abordada corresponde al Triple Bottom Line (TBL: ambiental, económica y social). Metodológicamente, el ACV, LCC y S-LCA son las principales metodologías para cada dimensión, complementadas por otras metodologías integradoras como SAFA/RISE/IDEA. Las tecnologías emergentes identificadas incluyen Big-Data, IoT, Blockchain y gemelos digitales para cerrar brechas de datos y trazabilidad. El modelo teórico propuesto integra estos componentes y supera el abordaje fragmentado de investigaciones previas mediante la articulación sistemática de elementos que tradicionalmente se estudian de manera aislada, proporcionando un marco holístico y adaptable que permite a las organizaciones diseñar estrategias de sostenibilidad alineadas con sus objetivos específicos.
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