Avocado (Persea americana) volume estimation using mathematical profiling with arduino uno and ultrasonic sensor
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Abstract
The volume of avocado (Persea americana) was estimated using mathematical profiling and water displacement methods. In the mathematical profiling, digital images were used and modeled using polynomial functions in Geogebra software, obtaining an average function that was implemented in an Arduino Uno card, where the volume of the fruit is obtained as a function of its length, measured by an HCSR04 ultrasonic sensor. The estimated volume was compared with that obtained by water displacement, based on Archimedes' physical principle. The statistical t-test for paired samples and the Bland-Altman analysis were applied, finding that there were no statistically significant differences between methods (P > 0.05), with an average difference of 5.28 cm³ (95% CI: -2.78 cm³ a 13.33 cm³). Mathematical profiling, together with its implementation on Arduino Uno, provides a fast, inexpensive and portable solution to estimate the volume of avocados, applicable in agricultural environments.
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Miguel Ángel Lema-Carrera , Universidad Estatal de Milagro “UNEMI” / Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas “ESPE” - Ecuador
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7934-8891
Electronic and Control Engineer from Escuela Politécnica Nacional. Master in Physics and Mathematics from the University of Castilla-La Mancha, Spain. With over 10 years of experience as a university professor in the field of exact sciences. He has supervised multiple engineering thesis projects and led two research initiatives focused on the application of technology in agricultural sciences. His experience combines solid academic training with a dedication to the development and dissemination of knowledge in higher education.
Nidia Gabriela Collins-Melgar , Unidad Educativa Fiscomisional “Americano” - Ecuador
https://orcid.org/0009-0005-9181-1531
Agricultural Engineer graduated from the Universidad Estatal Península de Santa Elena with a Master's degree in Educational Management from Cesar Vallejo University, currently pursuing a Master's degree in Didactics of Physics and Mathematics at the National University of Callao. A professional with a solid career of 8 years in both the public and private sectors, with educational experience and practical application of acquired knowledge, covering the fields of exact sciences, mathematics, physics, chemistry, and biology. Additionally, collaborated on agricultural projects with public and private companies.
Alejandro Sebastián Sánchez-Mendoza , Universidad Estatal de Milagro - Ecuador
https://orcid.org/0009-0002-0618-3162
Mechanical Engineer graduated from the Technical University of Ambato with a master's degree in Renewable Energies. A professional with a solid career in both the public and private sectors, with experience in academia and the practical application of acquired knowledge, covering fields such as exact sciences, mathematics, physics, and chemistry. Additionally, has collaborated in mechanical maintenance work, thermographic studies, and the development of clean energy technologies.
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